Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide contagious disease of humans and other warm-blooded animals, including birds. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for Toxoplasmosis disease, which is clinically manifested chiefly in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. Clinical complications include abortion and stillbirths, encephalitis, pneumonia, brain and eye damage, and neonatal mortality. The genus Toxoplasma was first proposed in 1908 by Nicolle and Manceaux following the identification of asexual stages of similar parasites in the tissues of birds and mammals, and merozoites in the blood of North African rodents, Ctenodactylus gundi. At about the same time, Splendore independently described Toxoplasma in laboratory rabbits in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Darling probably found it in man in Panama in the same year. Although several species were named, during the 1930s, it was shown that these were identical to the type species T. gondii. During the 1960, scientists provided evidence for the coccidian nature of the parasite. Then, between 1960 and 1970, the heterogeneous life cycle was elucidated by the discovery of sexual stages in the small intestine of cats, which followed the induction of infection in intermediate hosts by inoculation with cat feces. This review seeks to study the parasite and its responsibility to cause disease, condition prevalence, clinical manifestations accompanied by infection, and treatment protocols.

Nanotechnology is a modern technology and has many applications that include the manufacture of molecules or particles in the range of the nanoscale. Nanotechnology from the Greek word nano, meaning "dwarf". Nanoparticles are defined as single particles whose dimensions do not exceed 100 nanometers. The unique properties and features of nanoparticles are due to their small size, in addition to their chemical composition and surface structure. Different materials at the nanoscale lead to the development of new properties in industrial products, resulting in a real and impressive increase in industrial and medical applications. In this review, we will learn about this technology, its history, and the characteristics and shapes of nanoparticles. The focus will be on the application of nanotechnology in medicine, particularly in engineering living tissues with nanoscale scaffolds that simulate the functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tissue recovery, replacement, and regeneration. It turns out that stem cells attached to a scaffold are more successful in adapting to their environment and performing the task of regeneration. The nerve endings in the body are attached to the scaffolding by weaving between the openings. This will cause them to act as a bridge to connect the cut sections. Over time, the scaffolds will dissolve and exit the body safely, leaving intact nerves in place. Some of the successfully used scaffolds are briefly identified, such as bone scaffolds, cardiac muscle scaffolds, and spinal cord engineering.

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has recently been recognized in different parts of the world, even affecting healthy populations. The deficiency of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. No studies have been done in Gharyan city to evaluate the status of vitamin D among the population. So, this work aims to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the city, which is essential to maintaining the health of populations in general. This was a survey study conducted from September 2024 to December 2024, at some laboratories in the city: Alkama. Alnahda, Ayouser, Aldaka and Mashfa Gharyian. During the study period, 1718 analysis tests results of vitamin D were collected, classified to six groups according to age and characterized by measures of central tendency. The results showed that the age of the cases ranged from newborns to about 97 years, 30% males and 70 % females. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among female was more than males in all aged groups of the cases, about 62 % of the cases had low vitamin D levels (less than 30 ng/ml), the high level was 0.45% and 37% were at normal range. But the patients in categories 4, 5 had the highest number of cases. Spreading awareness among the population about the importance and vital role of the vitamin, explaining the risks of vitamin D deficiency and associated diseases among the population were recommended to reduce the Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Gharyan city

Myiasis, the invasion of tissues by fly larvae, is a considerable but overlooked public health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The frequency of myiasis in North Africa is affected by geographic, climatic, and socioeconomic variables; yet, there is a paucity of comprehensive information about its treatment across the area. Regional disparities in healthcare infrastructure, cultural customs, and interruptions due to war exacerbate the challenges in addressing this neglected tropical disease (NTD). The goal of this systematic review is to look at differences in how myiasis is treated in different parts of North Africa, focusing on things like epidemiology, preventative measures, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and the healthcare system. The study finds deficiencies in the literature and offers pragmatic suggestions for governments, healthcare practitioners, and academics. A systematic search was performed across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and regional databases like African Journals Online (AJOL). We incorporated research from 2000 to 2025, focusing on human and animal myiasis in North African nations. Data extraction utilized a standardized template, focusing on assessing the quality of high-quality and reliable sources. The research revealed substantial discrepancies in myiasis management across urban and rural regions, and among several North African nations. Urban locations in Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria had superior access to contemporary diagnostic instruments and therapies, while rural regions mainly depended on conventional remedies. Conflict-affected nations such as Libya and Sudan saw significant healthcare interruptions, heightening myiasis. Significant hurdles were restricted diagnostic instruments, erratic public health initiatives, and insufficient data from underreported regions like Mauritania and Western Sahara. Managing regional disparities in myiasis requires focused treatments, enhanced monitoring systems, and cooperation among governments, healthcare professionals, and communities. Future studies must emphasize cost-efficient solutions customized for local circumstances, especially in conflict-affected and disadvantaged areas. By closing gaps in knowledge and practice, we may facilitate more fair and effective management of myiasis across North Africa and beyond. 

Libya is a lower middle-income country with no national surveillance system for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). We assessed the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections and antimicrobial use in adult intensive care units (ICUs) in Libya. Objective: Evaluate drug resistance of bacteria isolated from equipment placed close to patients in an Intensive Care Unit of a Central hospital in Gharian.